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hi everybody josh byerly here in mission

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control houston i'm sure most everybody

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recognizes the person that's sitting

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beside me but this is a peggy whitson

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astronaut let's see uh record holder

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former space station commander former uh

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chief of the astronaut office peggy's

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done uh quite a lot of things i've spent

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many hours on a plane to kazakhstan with

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peggy so we've known each other for a

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while but you know peggy i can't really

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think of anybody probably more

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appropriate

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to talk about women in science like

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we've been doing all this week than you

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because a lot of people don't realize

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before you ever even became an astronaut

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you had a long career

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as a scientist a researcher a professor

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she's got a bachelor a bachelor's of

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science degree in biology and chemistry

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she's got a phd in biochemistry so

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talk about you know these anniversaries

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we've been mentioning with and

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terrascova and tally ride and how that

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sort of led to women in science and what

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are your thoughts on that as somebody

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who you know studied a lot in that field

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well i think i i became interested in

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science just because that was my natural

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interest i was very interested in high

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school and biology

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and when i went to college i took a lot

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of classes in chemistry and ended up

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double majoring in biology and chemistry

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but i think

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the role particularly for sally ride in

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my my career

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was the fact that

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in 1978 when i graduated from high

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school that year was the year they

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picked the first female astronauts so

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there was a whole class of females

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selected that year and it was it was

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very important to me in that i had

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wanted to be an astronaut before but at

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that point it became more of a goal

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something that i thought it was

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achievable and

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from that point on that's what i wanted

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to do luckily i had no idea how

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difficult it would be

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or how much effort and time it would

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take to actually make that that goal a

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reality but i was lucky enough to be

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selected

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many years

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later

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and during the course of that time i

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think uh one thing that i always advise

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young people is you know in the pursuit

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of a goal like that you have to be

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having fun along the way yeah it's uh

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especially something like being an

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astronaut it's it's not very many people

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get lucky enough to be selected because

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we have just

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literally thousands of people to select

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from

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and uh so in order for us to be

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effective you know you just have to have

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fun along the way and doing what you're

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doing and and being a

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a great professional at whatever job it

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is you know we ask people all the time

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especially the astronauts you know did

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you start out wanting to become an

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asteroid or did you go into a field that

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you were passionate about and sort of

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led to it it sounds like you're kind of

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seeing sort of both when you kind of

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knew the end goal but you know you loved

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biology and chemistry so much that it

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sort of led to where you are absolutely

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i i do think it's important that you

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can't just become an astronaut by

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checking boxes you you've got to pursue

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something

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with a passion and that passion will

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make you stand out

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uh amongst your peers and that's a very

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important thing also you know for the

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having served on the last three

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selection boards it's really important

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to have a diversity of different

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experiences

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because when we go into space that's

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just another different experience that

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we have to be able to cope with so being

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able to work in different environments

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and being able to

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achieve things um

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in awkward situations or unusual

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not common situations is an important

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aspect in who we try and select to be an

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astronaut as well so you mentioned being

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on the last astronaut selection boards

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you know we just announced the new class

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that we're taking a look at your launch

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here on screen but the last class that

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we had you know it was notable and it

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was in the news because it was exactly

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half and half half women half men is

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that i mean what are your thoughts on

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that is that just sort of

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a normal thing now or is that still sort

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of a landmark

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event i think it was a little bit of a

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landmark event it was not

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an intention that we were going to

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select a group that was half and half

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and i think it it speaks to the caliber

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of the folks that we were interviewing

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both males and females

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but that we we ended up with half and

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half was is really actually coincidental

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you know obviously we want to have a

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diverse group of people but the exact

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number uh

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just happened to be a man and their

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backgrounds are all over the place i

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mean you know it's really you say

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diverse it really is i mean they come

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from military science all sorts of

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disciplines of science i mean it's i

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think it's cool whenever kids ask you

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know how can i become an astronaut it

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really is

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all over the place in terms of what you

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can go into and ultimately end up you

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know flying in space yes absolutely i

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think

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the important thing is any field math

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science or engineering

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is applicable to what we do in space

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and uh having that operational bent uh

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like the military folks have to offer is

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another uh category that works really

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well in in our core yeah but i think

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that being the jack of all trades being

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able to pick up all those pieces that

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you might not necessarily have had a lot

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of professional training in is important

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for the future of the astronaut once

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they are selected let's talk about your

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time aboard the station your expedition

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5 and 16 so a few years apart was it

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radically different you know the first

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time you went up there versus the second

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time or was it just you know i'm sure it

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was bigger you know the complex was

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bigger but

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what was life on board like the two

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different times actually the the complex

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hadn't changed that much uh because

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right after my expedition five we had

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the uh columbia accident and so we

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weren't doing a lot of assembly one

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building yeah so when i arrived we were

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just beginning on my second flight we

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were just beginning the expansion and so

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during that time during expedition 16 we

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increased the internal volume of the

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station about 45

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so

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external parts of the station but the

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parts where the crew lived in

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hadn't changed that much

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since i'd been there previously so it

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was a very exciting time to be involved

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in that that growth of the station one

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person that brought up a pretty sizable

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piece of the international space station

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was pam melroy during sts-120 they

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brought up harmony you were there we're

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taking a look at the uh this famous

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picture of the greeting between you two

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you know we're talking about women in

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science and women in space flight talk

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about that moment for a second that you

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have you know the two commanders sort of

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united across this hatch yeah that was

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very special for us to actually have

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that time together as a

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pam

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sts-120 was supposed to arrive about a

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month before

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my launch and so i wasn't actually

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supposed to overlap with her

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uh and her mission and so it was just

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very coincidental that you know we both

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happen to be commanders on board

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uh the station and on the shuttle at the

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same time and be on orbit as commanders

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at the same time it's very special for

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us obviously so space station and

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science you know talk about the

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importance of it and what it sort of

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offers from a from a big picture

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you know why do we do this well the

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international space station is a

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a unique and it and it is that it's a

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unique laboratory in space

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and it offers an environment that

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doesn't have gravity and that is the

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variable of most of the experiments that

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occur on board the international space

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station because we could do all these

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experiments on the ground but the

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variable the unique thing about the

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experiments that we do up there is there

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is no gravity and that changes some of

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the physical properties of different

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reactions or interactions like for

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crystallization you don't have those

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effects of gravity pulling and changing

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the the

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the way things actually go together and

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those crystals might be

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biological crystals or they could be

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superconductor crystals or xeolite

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crystals they could be anything

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uh and and those physical parameters the

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lack of gravity uh offers us a unique

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look at some of those uh

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characteristics of

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something that we understand pretty well

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on earth but when once we put it in

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space it's it's altered because of that

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lack of gravity

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one of the more exciting experiments

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that i did

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was looking at

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and i like all the experiments but i

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like the experiments that inco that

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involve a little more hands-on activity

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just because it gets me a little more

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involved makes me feel a little more

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like the scientist and the scientist

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but uh was looking at a colloid a

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colloidal suspension of iron that we had

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an electromagnetic field around

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and that colloidal suspension

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uh when you put it in electro so it's

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kind of like a super thick liquid and

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then you put it in the electromagnetic

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field and it would form a solid

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structure and the the thought is that

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you could potentially use this in

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suspension bridges or shock absorbers or

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something like earthquakes yes exactly

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so it has some potential benefits there

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and they're just trying to understand

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the physics of how you form these

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structures

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well one day

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because my eyes were getting a little

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old instead of putting in the 20 hertz

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required on the electromagnetic field i

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didn't see the decimal place so i put in

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2.0 and uh they saw uh this structure

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instead of forming a solid structure

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form this waveform structure that was

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moving and so and they hadn't seen that

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on earth and so

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interestingly a lot of the research that

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we do onboard station the benefits of it

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have to do with that time of being on

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board because once we saw that it did

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something different than it did on earth

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then the investigators went back and

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looked at it at a different frequency as

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well and that's going to be the benefits

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of having that long duration capability

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on board

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and we're going to be asking i wonder

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why i did that that is when you actually

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have the biggest discoveries are when we

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see that difference and that's just like

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in the laboratories here on earth i

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wonder why i did that that's when you

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find the discoveries sometimes by happy

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accident right exactly and having the

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time to actually go and examine that on

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many of our previous missions on shuttle

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and then even some sounding rocket

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things they're all very quick and you

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don't have that time to really explore

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what that lack of gravity is doing

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in your experiment and so our

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investigators are focusing on that

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and of course being a biochemist i also

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like like all the uh physiological

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studies because

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for me that is our primary focus of

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understanding how we're going to get

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further get to the next step go on to

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live on the moon or go on to mars go to

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these different places we need to

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understand that physiology completely

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and you know the eye the ocular

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experiment that we're doing now is a

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really good example of us having blown

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in space for a long time and then only

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recently discovered that hey there is

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another

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factor that's going on here that we need

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to better understand in order to make

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sure that you know people are not going

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to have permanent vision damage

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and and see if we can understand why it

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happens and prevent it obviously so

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you're ready to go back absolutely and

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heartbeat i knew that was gonna be the

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answer

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peggy thank you so much it's always good

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to talk to you no problem it was a lot

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of fun if you'd like to learn more about

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peggy's past flights expedition 5

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expedition 16 or what the crew is doing

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currently on expedition 36 it's hard to

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say that number is just go by so fast

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just log on to the nasa website at

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www.nasa.gov

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station take a look at what the crew is

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up to and all the different research and